Monday, December 25, 2017

KITTY PURRY

What is the acceleration of the cats and the tension of the ropes the rope.  First correct answer gets???

Possible titles :
 PHUrry  physics
Cats and the?
Link to picture:
https://drive.google.com/open?id=166YN8M5C0FMbq0vffIjuKTFVEdUhYu6q


Try problem #1 on the following AP exam
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1gIo_iixpV3J9YuMOGCD3iZzTNQE00mVX

Telstar #1
Calculate where to put aconmunications  satellite so it will be above the same point above the earth all the time.  Geosynchronous Orbit!


The little satellite that could!!!

America’s Defence Meteorological Satellite Programme (DMSP), which has overseen the construction of eight F-series satellites that use microwaves sensors to monitor sea-ice coverage. These probes, which have lifespans of three to five years, have shown that millions of square kilometres of sea ice have disappeared from the Arctic over the past 20 years, allowing less solar energy to be reflected back into space – and so further increasing global temperatures – while also disrupting Inuit life and wildlife in the region.
At present three ageing satellites – DMSP F16, F17 and F18 – remain in operation, though they are all beginning to drift out of their orbits over the poles. The latest satellite in the series, F19, began to suffer sensor malfunctions last year and finally broke down a few weeks ago. It should have been replaced with the F20 probe, which had already been built and was being kept in storage by the US Air Force. However it had to be destroyed, on the orders of the US Congress, on the grounds that its storage was too costly.

Any guess on the cost to build a new satellite?

Friday, December 22, 2017

JUMPING TO CONCLUSIONS

UNIT:Fc Centripetal Force
DAY:BREAK WORK
ACTIVITY:JUMPING TO CONCLUSIONS
PART 1
Part 2


Watch the 2 videos.

RECORD DATA IN YOUR NOTEBOOK
FIND THE GENERAL SOLUTION THAT WOULD PREVENT THE PROBLEM
APPLY KEY PSS

Did Steve test his idea out? Did he need to test his idea?





Tuesday, December 12, 2017

UNIT:PROBLEMS
DAY:
ACTIVITY:SUB STUDY
Attempt all work.  Write down specific questions. include page numbers ect

  1. DON'T TOUCH ANYTHING IN S-10
  2. 20 Points Chapter Problems Circular Motion
    1. Any Problems with space or animals or appliances or amusement rides 
  3. COMPLETE EXTRA DRILL ON DIFFICULT TOPICS (FORCES AND MOTION ONLY)
  4. COMPLETE THE BUS STOP ACTIVITY IN YOUR GROUPS
    1. GROUP LEADERS (READ AND FOLLOW DIRECTIONS)
      1. ANGIE S
      2. Andrew D
      3. Andrew H
      4. Michelle L.

Wednesday, November 29, 2017

multiple Body Problems

UNIT:Dynamics
Mechanical Systems

  • Draw a picture with all the forces acting upon it.  (F.B.D)



  • Assign a direction to be positive.  (F.O.R) + usually     preferred  for the direction of acceleration.



  • Write a relationship for the sum of the forces in the x and y direction
  • Substitute and solve for unknown terms this may need to be done repeatedly



  • In a system that includes Multiple Bodies
  •   write the equation for each body
  •   write an equation for the combined system



* Note:  If objects are bound, they must share the same  motion but not necessarily the same force.

Monday, November 27, 2017

TODAYS NOTES HW

UNIT: Dynamics
DAY: 36
ACTIVITY:Friction

 NOTES


HW.  CALCULATE THE acceleration of the object if it is sliding down the ramp

P:Calculate the acceleration if the object is sliding up the ramp>
  • Q:  Could it be sliding up the ramp at constant velocity?  EXPLAIN.

Friday, November 17, 2017

UNIT: Dynamics
DAY:33
ACTIVITY:  HW

COMPLETE at least 5 points on section 4.10 Problems at end of Chapter
A point = # stars +1
Example
**= 2 stars = 2+1=3 points


Tuesday, November 14, 2017

FLAT EARTH GRAVITATION

UNIT:Dynamics
DAY:32
ACTIVITY:Forces


Universal Law of Gravitation
The radius of the Earth!

Measurement of the Earth's circumference[edit]


Illustration showing a portion of the globe showing a part of the African continent. The sunbeams shown as two rays hitting the ground at Syene and Alexandria. Angle of sunbeam and the gnomons (vertical pole) is shown at Alexandria, which allowed Eratosthenes' estimates of radius and circumference of Earth.
Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the Earth without leaving Egypt. He knew that at local noon on the summer solstice in Syene(modern Aswan, Egypt), the Sun was directly overhead. (Syene is at latitude 24°05′ North, near to the Tropic of Cancer, which was 23°42′ North in 100 BC[16]) He knew this because the shadow of someone looking down a deep well at that time in Syene blocked the reflection of the Sun on the water. He measured the Sun's angle of elevation at noon on the same day in Alexandria. The method of measurement was to make a scale drawing of that right triangle with the vertical rod and its shadow as its legs and to measure the acute angle subtending to the shadow. This turned out to be about 7°, or 1/50th of the way around a circle. Taking the Earth as spherical, and knowing both the distance and direction of Syene, he concluded that the Earth's circumference was fifty times that distance.

    Monday, November 6, 2017

    Dynamics "Newton's Laws"

    UNIT: DYNAMICS

    DAY: 29 INTRODUCTION

    ACTIVITY:Drawing & Labeling FBD

    FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS: 

    • Identify and Name Forces

    KEY IDEAS:

    • NEWTON'S LAW'S 

      State:Define:Describe:Differentiate:Give examples 

        Practice Questions

    Complete and Put Your Solutions in your NOTEBOOK
    IDENTIFY KEY DIFFERENCES in the PROBLEMS
    WRITE THE KEY PSS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH
    ILW# 4.1 (Chapter 4 Page 93 Problems 4, 6)
    ILW# 4.2 (Chapter 4 Page 104 Problem 82)
    ILW# 4.3 (Chapter 4 Page 114 Problems 46, 53)
    ILW# 4.4 (Chapter 4 Page 118 Problem 90)

    Objectives

    After studying the material of this chapter, you should be able to:
    1. State Newton's three laws of motion and give examples that illustrate each law.
    State:Define:Describe:Differentiate:Give examples 
    2. Explain what is meant by the term net force.
    3. Use the methods of vector algebra to determine the net force acting on an object.
    4. Define each of the following terms: mass, inertia, weight and distinguish between mass and weight.
    5. Identify the SI units for force, mass, and acceleration.
    6. Draw an accurate free body diagram locating each of the forces acting on an object or a system of objects.
    7. Use free body diagrams and Newton's laws of motion to solve word problems.

    Thursday, October 19, 2017

    READ AND OUT LINE CHAPTER 3-"2 D Kinematics"

    UNIT:2D Kinematics
    DAY:21
    ACTIVITY:

    NEED A BREAK CLICK HERE

    After studying the material of this chapter, you should be able to:
    1. Represent the magnitude and direction of a vector using a protractor and ruler.
    2. Multiply or divide a vector quantity by a scalar quantity.
    3. Use the methods of graphical analysis to determine the magnitude and direction of the vector resultant in problems involving vector addition or subtraction of two or more vector quantities. The graphical methods to be used are the parallelogram method and the tip to tail method.
    4. Use the trigonometric component method to resolve a vector components in the x and y directions.
    5. Use the trigonometric component method to determine the vector resultant in problems involving vector addition or subtraction of two or more vector quantities.
    6. Use the kinematics equations of Chapter Two along with the vector component method of Chapter Three to solve problems involving two dimensional motion of projectiles.  



    Assessments:
    • Shooting for an A
      • Calculate the launch velocity of a projectile
      • Develop a procedure to fire your projectile with the precision required
      • Use the launch velocity to determine the range of a projectile when fired at a specific angle 
      •  Create a note card with a well labeled diagram and solution
      • To get a 5(100) your projectile must hit where the calculations predict on the 1st shot!

    • Projectiles 48 T/F
    • AP Projectile Problem Quest


    ALBERT IO INVITE CODE:
    BYEVKAPWTRER
    we will try to schedule lab time so you can get a solid introduction to ALBERT IO

    Thursday, October 12, 2017

    Wednesday, September 20, 2017

    HW OVER 4 DAY BREAK

    Practice Problems  (YOU CAN WORK AHEAD)  (PACKET LINK HERE)
    • Problems should be done in your work product composition note book 
    • In table of contents put date assigned and day of class

        • Use Key Problem Solving Strategies Discussed in "Physics B Poppn!"
        • Write Down Questions!!!!!! 

          "this means if you get stuck and cant do it you need to express what you are uncertain of or having issue with"  

          You may want to create a questions page and site the problem via page # in your notebook


    VECTORS

    UNIT:VECTORS
    DAY:8
    ACTIVITY: Vector Island


    ARGGGGGHHH:
    • Use the lab to define and develop properties and strategies for dealing with vectors.
      • vector addition
      • graphical method
      • algebraic method
      • Error Analysis
        • be able to state and quantify the amount of error in the lab 
        • give possible explainations for the error
        • Explain how to reduce the overall error

    Wednesday, September 13, 2017

    Day 4 Physics B Poppin

    UNIT:1-D Kinematics  DAY:4  ACTIVITY:"Physics B Popping"


    ABC of Physics
    • Organizing information
    • Communication Teamwork
    • Feedback
    Motion Equations Quantities expressed as AP universal symbols


    Day5
    HW: Use the above to calculate:
    • Pop Time
    • Pop Height
    • Pop Velocity
    • Pop Acceleration


    Friday, September 8, 2017

    DAY 1-2 Problem Solving Strategies

    DAY 1-2 Problem Solving Strategies
    BOOKS
    DESK WORK
    Problem Solving Strategies
    Develop & Identify Key Skills in solving Problems
    • PUKES
      • Create a model
      • List Critical Information 
      • Use & identify know relationships 
      • Application question #1 2016 MECH
    • Drop and Pop (Day 2-3)
      •  Identify and define variables
        • control 
        • output
      • Relate variable to previous models/equations
        • develop 
        • create 
        • and test models 




    • ***Note if a variable is not given any information can be substituted to facilitate a solution 
    • If the conditions of a problem change break in to to smaller problems
    • the conditions at the end of part 1 must be = to the conditions at the start of part 2
      • IAOI: the time is continuous
    UNIT:Intro to Problem Solving
    DAY: 2
    ACTVITY:Problem Solving
    DAY 1-2 Problem Solving Strategies
    BOOKS
    Problem Solving Strategies
    Develop & Identify Key Skills in solving Problems
    • PUKES
      • Create a model
      • List Critical Information 
      • Use & identify know relationships 
      • Application question #1 2016 MECH
    • Popper Lab (Day 2-3)
      •  Identify and define variables
        • control 
        • output
      • Relate variable to previous models
        • develop 
        • create 
        • and test models 
        •  
        •  
        •  
    • ***Note if a variable is not given any information can be substituted to facilitate a solution 
    • If the conditions of a problem change break in to to smaller problems
    • the conditions at the end of part 1 must be = to the conditions at the start of part 2

    Thursday, September 7, 2017

    Resources

    UNIT:INTRODUCTION
    DAY:1
    ACTIVITY:
    WELCOME BACK

    •      MATERIALS & RESOURCES


    • ACTIVITIES
      • READ & OUTLINE CHAPTER 2 
      • 5X7 notecards

    Tuesday, July 4, 2017

    Summer Fun 4th of July

    UNIT:Summer Work
    DAY:S2
    ACTVITY:Perimeter Drill
    Each of the integers from 1 through 9 is to be placed in one of the circles in the figure so that the sum of the integers along each side of the figure is 17. Determine the sum of the three integers placed in the corners.
    Place activity solution in composition notebook.



    Monday, July 3, 2017

    Problem Solving

    PUKES
    Get a composition notebook!
    Skip the first five pages for a table of contents.
    This will be you book of problems/ Lab notebook
    Awww Honey”

    A full jar of honey weighs 750 grams and the same jar of honey 2/3 full weighs 550 grams, what is the weight of the empty jar in grams?


    “Awww Honey”
    A full jar of honey weighs 750 grams, and the same jar two-thirds full weighs 550 grams. What is the weight of the empty jar in grams?



    Solve & Discuss the key elements of your strategy below.
    Construct and interpret a graph of the problem.

    Wednesday, June 21, 2017

    SUMMER work Pending

    UNIT:summer work
    DAY:
    ACTVITY:
    SUMMER work Pending
    all work must be completed  and will be tested in first week.
    Questions should be written down and dated...

    Wednesday, June 7, 2017

    ALBERT IO

    If you worked to improve your albert IO score prior to the exam 
    Print out your Progress sheet and bring it to class by Friday

    Sunday, June 4, 2017

    FINAL EXAM

    Use Physics to analyze the LUNAR LANDER

    What are the right questions?
    Collect and report critical information.
    Use physics models and concepts to support your answers.

    Wednesday, May 3, 2017

    THANK-YOU

    AP Physics B:
    I often get asked wow it must be really tough to be a teacher...
    I am not going to lie, it is.
    But, you are the most rewarding part of my professional life and are worth it.
    I hope that you got out of the class at least what you put in.


    See Kirchhoff Law # 2:
    • You will never get more than what you are willing to give.
      • (That is with everything)

    Saturday, April 29, 2017

    AP. REVIEW

    Keep in mind you still have the white conceptual packet on page ~130 there is a complete summary of circuits.

    Here is an interesting post.
    https://discussions.apple.com/thread/2580579?start=30



    Some more Review Questions
    Look at physics 1 questions only!!!
    https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/ap/sample-questions-ap-physics-1-and-ap-physics-2-exams.pdf


    https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/ap/paragraph-length-response.pdf


    The following strategies were developed to help you on exam day:
    • Before beginning to solve the free-response questions, it is a good idea to read through all of the questions to determine which ones you feel most prepared to answer. You can then proceed to solve the questions in a sequence that will allow you to perform your best.
    • Monitor your time appropriately on the free-response section. You want to ensure that you do not spend too much time on one question that you do not have enough time to at least attempt to answer all of them.
    • Show all the steps you took to reach your solution on questions involving calculations. If you do work that you think is incorrect, simply put an "X" through it, instead of spending time erasing it completely.
    • Many free-response questions are divided into parts such as a, b, c, and d, with each part calling for a different response. Credit for each part is awarded independently, so you should attempt to solve each part. For example, you may receive no credit for your answer to part a, but still receive full credit for part b, c, or d. If the answer to a later part of a question depends on the answer to an earlier part, you may still be able to receive full credit for the later part, even if that earlier answer is wrong.
    • Organize your answers as clearly and neatly as possible. You might want to label your answers according to the sub-part, such as (a), (b), (c), etc. This will assist you in organizing your thoughts, as well as helping to ensure that you answer all the parts of the free-response question.
    • You should include the proper units for each number where appropriate. If you keep track of units as you perform your calculations, it can help ensure that you express answers in terms of the proper units. Depending on the exam question, it is often possible to lose points if the units are wrong or are missing from the answer.
    • You should not use the "scattershot" or “laundry list” approach: i.e., write a many equations or lists of terms hoping that the correct one will be among them so that you can get partial credit. For exams that ask for TWO or THREE examples or equations, only the first two or three examples will be scored.
    • Be sure to clearly and correctly label all graphs and diagrams accordingly. Read the question carefully, as this could include a graph title, x and y axes labels including units, a best fit line, etc.


    Wednesday, April 12, 2017

    MARKER NOT RETURNED

    • THIS IS a VIOLATION OF THE CARD YOU JUST SIGNED!!!
    • I WILL MATCH EVERY MARKER TO EVERY CARD.
      • RUN A SPECTRAL ANALYSIS IF I HAVE TO!!!  
    • YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED!
      • -RESULTING SCORE 0.

    Friday, April 7, 2017

    CIRCUITS LAB

    • COMPLETE THE LABs A-C
    • You may now work ahead in the packet!!!
    • You should have completed both the Series Circuits Labs and Parallel  Labs 
      • A-E
    • HERE is a file which can be downloaded and opened using the circuit simulator
      • CRITICAL EXAMPLES (VERIFIED to WORK)
        • download 
        • save
        • open circuit simulator
        • choose open select file
    • Complete the conceptual packet on circuits page 130 ish

    Friday, March 31, 2017

    CIRCUIT SIMULATOR





    AP=Advanced Playtime
    Play with the Circuit simulator above.
    • describe the construction of your circuit and values in a post
    •  see if you can follow someone's recipe and get the same results






    CORRECTION

    AFTER CROSS REFERENCING SEVERAL SOURCES.

    THERE IS A DISCREPANCY!  (SEE DIAGRAMS BELOW)


    AP COLLEGE BOARD
    • WILL ALWAYS REFER TO THE LOWEST f AS THE  FUNDAMENTAL AND NOT AS A HARMONIC.
    • I ALSO CONFIRMED WITH MR. ROHALLY THAT THE HARMONICS ONLY OCCUR AFTER THE FUNDAMENTAL.  
    CONCLUSION:
    •  TRUST WHAT YOU KNOW=======>"I AM THE QUEEN OF SCOTLAND"
    • TRY TO GOOGLE THIS AND FIND OUT WHAT YOU THINK...   
    • ARGUE FROM EVIDENCE SITE SOURCES

    Image result for FUNDAMENTAL AND HARMONICS LABELED

    Image result for FUNDAMENTAL AND HARMONICS LABELED

    Tuesday, March 28, 2017

    Electrostatics

    f


    Objectives

    After studying the material of this chapter, the student should be able to:
    1. State from memory the magnitude and sign of the charge on an electron and proton and also state the mass of each particle.
    2. Apply Coulomb's law to determine the magnitude of the electrical force between point charges separated by a distance r and state whether the force will be one of attraction or repulsion.
    3. State from memory the law of conservation of charge.
    4. Distinguish between an insulator, a conductor, and a semi conductor and give examples of each.
    5. Explain the concept of electric field and determine the resultant electric field at a point some distance from two or more point charges.
    6. Determine the magnitude and direction of the electric force on a charged particle placed in an electric field.
    7. Sketch the electric field pattern in the region between charged objects.
    8. Use Gauss's law to determine the magnitude of the electric field in problems where static electric charge is distributed on a surface which is simple and symmetrical. 

    Thursday, March 23, 2017

    Monday, March 13, 2017

    Objectives

    Sound and Waves:Please review other objectives previously covered below...

    After studying the material of this chapter, you should be able to:
    • 1. Determine the speed of sound in air at one atmosphere of pressure at different temperatures.
    • 2. Distinguish between the following terms: pitch, frequency, wavelength, sound intensity, loudness.
    • 3. Determine intensity level in decibels of a sound if the intensity of the sound is given in W/m2.
    • 4. Explain how a standing wave can be produced in a wind instrument open at both ends or closed at one end and calculate the frequencies produced by different harmonics of pipes of a given length.
    • 5. Determine the beat frequency produced by two tuning forks of different frequencies.
    • 6. Explain how an interference pattern can be produced by two sources of sound of the same wavelength separated by a distance d.
    • 7. Solve problems involving two sources for m, d, λ, and the angular separation (θ) when the other quantities are given.
    • 8. Solve for the frequency of the sound heard by a listener and the wavelength of the sound between a source and the listener when the frequency of the sound produced by the source and the velocity of both the source and the listener are given.
    • 9. Explain how a shock wave can be produced and what is meant by the term "sonic boom."

     SHM===> Waves

    After studying the material of this chapter, you should be able to:
    • 1. State the conditions required to produce SHM.
    • 2. Determine the period of motion of an object of mass m attached to a spring of force constant k.
    • 3. Calculate the velocity, acceleration, potential, and kinetic energy at any point in the motion of an object undergoing SHM.
    • 4. Write equations for displacement, velocity, and acceleration as sinusoidal functions of time for an object undergoing SHM if the amplitude and angular velocity of the motion are known. Use these equations to determine the displacement, velocity, and acceleration at a particular moment of time.
    • 5. Determine the period of a simple pendulum of length L.
    • 6. State the conditions necessary for resonance. Give examples of instances where resonance is a) beneficial and b) destructive. Explain how damped harmonic motion can be achieved to prevent destructive resonance.
    • 7. Distinguish between a longitudinal wave and a transverse wave and give examples of each type of wave.
    • 8. Calculate the speed of longitudinal waves through liquids and solids and the speed of transverse waves in ropes and strings.
    • 9. Calculate the energy transmitted by a wave, the power of a wave and the intensity of a wave, across a unit area A.
    • 10. Describe wave reflection from a barrier, refraction as the wave travels from one medium into another, constructive and destructive interference as waves overlap, and diffraction of waves as they pass around an obstacle.
    • 11. Explain how a standing wave can be produced in a string or rope and calculate the harmonic frequencies needed to produce standing waves in string instruments.


    Sunday, February 26, 2017

    INDEPENDANT LAB

      Masses & Springs
      Click to Run
    • Set Friction to 0 
    • Lab is to be carried out in your notebook.
    • WARNING :  
      • (You may not submit your lab without corresponding entries in your notebook)
      • Date and time entries when you performed the experiment
    • Sketch A Graph of  (More than one graph may be done in a single sketch providing there is a key listed)
      • Position
      • velocity
      • acceleration 
      • force
      • KE
      • Angular Frequency along with its corresponding value
    • List any key ideas (models/equations)
    • Determine the mass of the unknown Bobs
      • Red
      • Green 
      • Gold 
    SUBMIT A 5X7 NOTE Card summarizing the above.
    DUE MONDAY MARCH 6


    Friday, February 24, 2017

    Rotational Anaologs

    Answer Questions 1-15 in the text for rotational kinematic. Key question for Monday: What is moment if inertia? Describe the above in your own words. What is the rotational analog of mass?

    Thursday, February 9, 2017

    Work Energy

    HW:


    Finish Class discussion problem
    Doctor SPLASH


    Calculate: Using Work and energy
    • v  impact
    • Change in KE
    • Work by the water
    • F avg on impact
      • use the video to accomplish this
      • try using Impulse as well 


    Objectives :
    After studying the material of this chapter, you should be able to:
    1. Distinguish between work in the scientific sense as compared to the colloquial sense.
    2. Write the definition of work in terms of force and displacement and calculate the work done by a constant force when the force and displacement vectors are at an angle.
    3. Use graphical analysis to calculate the work done by a force that varies in magnitude.
    4. Define each type of mechanical energy and give examples of types of energy that are not mechanical.
    5. State the work energy theorem and apply the theorem to solve problems.
    6. Distinguish between a conservative and a non-conservative force and give examples of each type of force.
    7. State the law of conservation of energy and apply the law to problems involving mechanical energy.
    8. Define power in the scientific sense and solve problems involving work and power.


    Thursday, January 19, 2017

    MOMENTUM CH.7

    Watch The Video



    The Mechanical Universe: 15. Conservation of... by physics-lnr After studying the material of this chapter, you should be able to:
    1. Define linear momentum and write the mathematical formula for linear momentum from memory.
    2. Distinguish between the unit of force and momentum.
    3. Write Newton's Second Law of Motion in terms of momentum.
    4. Define impulse and write the equation that connects impulse and momentum.
    5. State the Law of Conservation of Momentum and write, in vector form, the law for a system involving two or more point masses.
    6. Distinguish between a perfectly elastic collision and a completely inelastic collision.
    7. Apply the laws of conservation of momentum and energy to problems involving collisions between two point masses.
    8. Define center of mass and center of gravity and distinguish between the two concepts.


    Thursday, January 5, 2017

    Space Kitten

    Make r=to 2 times the radius of the earth.

    Calculate the velocity of the cat in orbit at this location.

    Wednesday, January 4, 2017

    Universal Law of Gravitation



    Objectives

    After studying the material of this chapter, you should be able to:
    1. Calculate the centripetal acceleration of a point mass in uniform circular motion given the radius of the circle and either the linear speed or the period of the motion.
    2. Identify the force that is the cause of the centripetal acceleration and determine the direction of the acceleration vector.
    3. Use Newton's laws of motion and the concept of centripetal acceleration to solve word problems.
    4. Distinguish between centripetal acceleration and tangential acceleration.
    5. State the relationship between the period of the motion and the frequency of rotation and express this relationship using a mathematical equation.
    6. Write the equation for Newton's universal law of gravitation and explain the meaning of each symbol in the equation.
    7. Determine the magnitude and direction of the gravitational field strength (g) at a distance r from a body of mass m.
    8. Use Newton's second law of motion, the universal law of gravitation, and the concept of centripetal acceleration to solve problems involving the orbital motion of satellites.
    9. Explain the "apparent" weightlessness of an astronaut in orbit.
    10. State from memory Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
    11. Use Kepler's third law to solve word problems involving planetary motion.
    12. Use Newton's second law of motion, the universal law of gravitation, and the concept of centripetal acceleration to derive Kepler's third law.
    13. Solve word problems related to Kepler's third law.
    14. Identify the four forces that exist in nature.